application.cpp

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#include "esphome/core/application.h"
#include "esphome/core/build_info_data.h"
#include "esphome/core/log.h"
#include "esphome/core/progmem.h"
#include <cstring>
 
#ifdef USE_ESP8266
#include <pgmspace.h>
#endif
#ifdef USE_ESP32
#include <esp_chip_info.h>
#endif
#ifdef USE_LWIP_FAST_SELECT
#include "esphome/core/lwip_fast_select.h"
#ifdef USE_ESP32
#include <freertos/FreeRTOS.h>
#include <freertos/task.h>
#else
#include <FreeRTOS.h>
#include <task.h>
#endif
#endif  // USE_LWIP_FAST_SELECT
#include "esphome/core/version.h"
#include "esphome/core/hal.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <ranges>
#ifdef USE_RUNTIME_STATS
#include "esphome/components/runtime_stats/runtime_stats.h"
#endif
 
#ifdef USE_STATUS_LED
#include "esphome/components/status_led/status_led.h"
#endif
 
#if defined(USE_ESP8266) && defined(USE_SOCKET_IMPL_LWIP_TCP)
#include "esphome/components/socket/socket.h"
#endif
 
#ifdef USE_SOCKET_SELECT_SUPPORT
#include <cerrno>
 
#ifdef USE_SOCKET_IMPL_LWIP_SOCKETS
// LWIP sockets implementation
#include <lwip/sockets.h>
#elif defined(USE_SOCKET_IMPL_BSD_SOCKETS)
// BSD sockets implementation
#ifdef USE_ESP32
// ESP32 "BSD sockets" are actually LWIP under the hood
#include <lwip/sockets.h>
#else
// True BSD sockets (e.g., host platform)
#include <sys/select.h>
#endif
#endif
#endif
 
namespace esphome {
 
static const char *const TAG = "app";
 
// Helper function for insertion sort of components by priority
// Using insertion sort instead of std::stable_sort saves ~1.3KB of flash
// by avoiding template instantiations (std::rotate, std::stable_sort, lambdas)
// IMPORTANT: This sort is stable (preserves relative order of equal elements),
// which is necessary to maintain user-defined component order for same priority
template<typename Iterator, float (Component::*GetPriority)() const>
static void insertion_sort_by_priority(Iterator first, Iterator last) {
  for (auto it = first + 1; it != last; ++it) {
    auto key = *it;
    float key_priority = (key->*GetPriority)();
    auto j = it - 1;
 
    // Using '<' (not '<=') ensures stability - equal priority components keep their order
    while (j >= first && ((*j)->*GetPriority)() < key_priority) {
      *(j + 1) = *j;
      j--;
    }
    *(j + 1) = key;
  }
}
 
void Application::register_component_impl_(Component *comp, bool has_loop) {
  if (has_loop) {
    comp->component_state_ |= COMPONENT_HAS_LOOP;
  }
  this->components_.push_back(comp);
}
void Application::setup() {
  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Running through setup()");
  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sorting components by setup priority");
 
  // Sort by setup priority using our helper function
  insertion_sort_by_priority<decltype(this->components_.begin()), &Component::get_actual_setup_priority>(
      this->components_.begin(), this->components_.end());
 
  // Initialize looping_components_ early so enable_pending_loops_() works during setup
  this->calculate_looping_components_();
 
  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < this->components_.size(); i++) {
    Component *component = this->components_[i];
 
    // Update loop_component_start_time_ before calling each component during setup
    this->loop_component_start_time_ = millis();
    component->call();
    this->scheduler.process_to_add();
    this->feed_wdt();
    if (component->can_proceed())
      continue;
 
#ifdef USE_LOOP_PRIORITY
    // Sort components 0 through i by loop priority
    insertion_sort_by_priority<decltype(this->components_.begin()), &Component::get_loop_priority>(
        this->components_.begin(), this->components_.begin() + i + 1);
#endif
 
    do {
      uint8_t new_app_state = STATUS_LED_WARNING;
      uint32_t now = millis();
 
      // Process pending loop enables to handle GPIO interrupts during setup
      this->before_loop_tasks_(now);
 
      for (uint32_t j = 0; j <= i; j++) {
        // Update loop_component_start_time_ right before calling each component
        this->loop_component_start_time_ = millis();
        this->components_[j]->call();
        new_app_state |= this->components_[j]->get_component_state();
        this->app_state_ |= new_app_state;
        this->feed_wdt();
      }
 
      this->after_loop_tasks_();
      this->app_state_ = new_app_state;
      yield();
    } while (!component->can_proceed() && !component->is_failed());
  }
 
  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "setup() finished successfully!");
 
#ifdef USE_SETUP_PRIORITY_OVERRIDE
  // Clear setup priority overrides to free memory
  clear_setup_priority_overrides();
#endif
 
#if defined(USE_SOCKET_SELECT_SUPPORT) && defined(USE_LWIP_FAST_SELECT)
  // Initialize fast select: saves main loop task handle for xTaskNotifyGive wake.
  // The fast path (rcvevent reads + ulTaskNotifyTake) is used unconditionally
  // when USE_LWIP_FAST_SELECT is enabled (ESP32 and LibreTiny).
  esphome_lwip_fast_select_init();
#endif
#if defined(USE_SOCKET_SELECT_SUPPORT) && defined(USE_WAKE_LOOP_THREADSAFE) && !defined(USE_LWIP_FAST_SELECT)
  // Set up wake socket for waking main loop from tasks (platforms without fast select only)
  this->setup_wake_loop_threadsafe_();
#endif
 
  this->schedule_dump_config();
}
void Application::loop() {
  uint8_t new_app_state = 0;
 
  // Get the initial loop time at the start
  uint32_t last_op_end_time = millis();
 
  this->before_loop_tasks_(last_op_end_time);
 
  for (this->current_loop_index_ = 0; this->current_loop_index_ < this->looping_components_active_end_;
       this->current_loop_index_++) {
    Component *component = this->looping_components_[this->current_loop_index_];
 
    // Update the cached time before each component runs
    this->loop_component_start_time_ = last_op_end_time;
 
    {
      this->set_current_component(component);
      WarnIfComponentBlockingGuard guard{component, last_op_end_time};
      component->call();
      // Use the finish method to get the current time as the end time
      last_op_end_time = guard.finish();
    }
    new_app_state |= component->get_component_state();
    this->app_state_ |= new_app_state;
    this->feed_wdt(last_op_end_time);
  }
 
  this->after_loop_tasks_();
  this->app_state_ = new_app_state;
 
#ifdef USE_RUNTIME_STATS
  // Process any pending runtime stats printing after all components have run
  // This ensures stats printing doesn't affect component timing measurements
  if (global_runtime_stats != nullptr) {
    global_runtime_stats->process_pending_stats(last_op_end_time);
  }
#endif
 
  // Use the last component's end time instead of calling millis() again
  auto elapsed = last_op_end_time - this->last_loop_;
  if (elapsed >= this->loop_interval_ || HighFrequencyLoopRequester::is_high_frequency()) {
    // Even if we overran the loop interval, we still need to select()
    // to know if any sockets have data ready
    this->yield_with_select_(0);
  } else {
    uint32_t delay_time = this->loop_interval_ - elapsed;
    uint32_t next_schedule = this->scheduler.next_schedule_in(last_op_end_time).value_or(delay_time);
    // next_schedule is max 0.5*delay_time
    // otherwise interval=0 schedules result in constant looping with almost no sleep
    next_schedule = std::max(next_schedule, delay_time / 2);
    delay_time = std::min(next_schedule, delay_time);
 
    this->yield_with_select_(delay_time);
  }
  this->last_loop_ = last_op_end_time;
 
  if (this->dump_config_at_ < this->components_.size()) {
    this->process_dump_config_();
  }
}
 
void Application::process_dump_config_() {
  if (this->dump_config_at_ == 0) {
    char build_time_str[Application::BUILD_TIME_STR_SIZE];
    this->get_build_time_string(build_time_str);
    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "ESPHome version " ESPHOME_VERSION " compiled on %s", build_time_str);
#ifdef ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME
    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Project " ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME " version " ESPHOME_PROJECT_VERSION);
#endif
#ifdef USE_ESP32
    esp_chip_info_t chip_info;
    esp_chip_info(&chip_info);
    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "ESP32 Chip: %s rev%d.%d, %d core(s)", ESPHOME_VARIANT, chip_info.revision / 100,
             chip_info.revision % 100, chip_info.cores);
#if defined(USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32) && !defined(USE_ESP32_MIN_CHIP_REVISION_SET)
    // Suggest optimization for chips that don't need the PSRAM cache workaround
    if (chip_info.revision >= 300) {
#ifdef USE_PSRAM
      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Set minimum_chip_revision: \"%d.%d\" to save ~10KB IRAM", chip_info.revision / 100,
               chip_info.revision % 100);
#else
      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Set minimum_chip_revision: \"%d.%d\" to reduce binary size", chip_info.revision / 100,
               chip_info.revision % 100);
#endif
    }
#endif
#endif
  }
 
  this->components_[this->dump_config_at_]->call_dump_config_();
  this->dump_config_at_++;
}
 
void HOT Application::feed_wdt(uint32_t time) {
  static uint32_t last_feed = 0;
  // Use provided time if available, otherwise get current time
  uint32_t now = time ? time : millis();
  // Compare in milliseconds (3ms threshold)
  if (now - last_feed > 3) {
    arch_feed_wdt();
    last_feed = now;
#ifdef USE_STATUS_LED
    if (status_led::global_status_led != nullptr) {
      status_led::global_status_led->call();
    }
#endif
  }
}
void Application::reboot() {
  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Forcing a reboot");
  for (auto &component : std::ranges::reverse_view(this->components_)) {
    component->on_shutdown();
  }
  arch_restart();
}
void Application::safe_reboot() {
  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Rebooting safely");
  run_safe_shutdown_hooks();
  teardown_components(TEARDOWN_TIMEOUT_REBOOT_MS);
  run_powerdown_hooks();
  arch_restart();
}
 
void Application::run_safe_shutdown_hooks() {
  for (auto &component : std::ranges::reverse_view(this->components_)) {
    component->on_safe_shutdown();
  }
  for (auto &component : std::ranges::reverse_view(this->components_)) {
    component->on_shutdown();
  }
}
 
void Application::run_powerdown_hooks() {
  for (auto &component : std::ranges::reverse_view(this->components_)) {
    component->on_powerdown();
  }
}
 
void Application::teardown_components(uint32_t timeout_ms) {
  uint32_t start_time = millis();
 
  // Use a StaticVector instead of std::vector to avoid heap allocation
  // since we know the actual size at compile time
  StaticVector<Component *, ESPHOME_COMPONENT_COUNT> pending_components;
 
  // Copy all components in reverse order
  // Reverse order matches the behavior of run_safe_shutdown_hooks() above and ensures
  // components are torn down in the opposite order of their setup_priority (which is
  // used to sort components during Application::setup())
  size_t num_components = this->components_.size();
  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_components; ++i) {
    pending_components[i] = this->components_[num_components - 1 - i];
  }
 
  uint32_t now = start_time;
  size_t pending_count = num_components;
 
  // Teardown Algorithm
  // ==================
  // We iterate through pending components, calling teardown() on each.
  // Components that return false (need more time) are copied forward
  // in the array. Components that return true (finished) are skipped.
  //
  // The compaction happens in-place during iteration:
  //   - still_pending tracks the write position (where to put next pending component)
  //   - i tracks the read position (which component we're testing)
  //   - When teardown() returns false, we copy component[i] to component[still_pending]
  //   - When teardown() returns true, we just skip it (don't increment still_pending)
  //
  // Example with 4 components where B can teardown immediately:
  //
  // Start:
  //   pending_components: [A, B, C, D]
  //   pending_count: 4    ^----------^
  //
  // Iteration 1:
  //   i=0: A needs more time → keep at pos 0 (no copy needed)
  //   i=1: B finished → skip
  //   i=2: C needs more time → copy to pos 1
  //   i=3: D needs more time → copy to pos 2
  //
  // After iteration 1:
  //   pending_components: [A, C, D | D]
  //   pending_count: 3    ^--------^
  //
  // Iteration 2:
  //   i=0: A finished → skip
  //   i=1: C needs more time → copy to pos 0
  //   i=2: D finished → skip
  //
  // After iteration 2:
  //   pending_components: [C | C, D, D]  (positions 1-3 have old values)
  //   pending_count: 1    ^--^
 
  while (pending_count > 0 && (now - start_time) < timeout_ms) {
    // Feed watchdog during teardown to prevent triggering
    this->feed_wdt(now);
 
    // Process components and compact the array, keeping only those still pending
    size_t still_pending = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < pending_count; ++i) {
      if (!pending_components[i]->teardown()) {
        // Component still needs time, copy it forward
        if (still_pending != i) {
          pending_components[still_pending] = pending_components[i];
        }
        ++still_pending;
      }
      // Component finished teardown, skip it (don't increment still_pending)
    }
    pending_count = still_pending;
 
    // Give some time for I/O operations if components are still pending
    if (pending_count > 0) {
      this->yield_with_select_(1);
    }
 
    // Update time for next iteration
    now = millis();
  }
 
  if (pending_count > 0) {
    // Note: At this point, connections are either disconnected or in a bad state,
    // so this warning will only appear via serial rather than being transmitted to clients
    for (size_t i = 0; i < pending_count; ++i) {
      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "%s did not complete teardown within %" PRIu32 " ms",
               LOG_STR_ARG(pending_components[i]->get_component_log_str()), timeout_ms);
    }
  }
}
 
void Application::calculate_looping_components_() {
  // FixedVector capacity was pre-initialized by codegen with the exact count
  // of components that override loop(), computed at C++ compile time.
 
  // Add all components with loop override that aren't already LOOP_DONE
  // Some components (like logger) may call disable_loop() during initialization
  // before setup runs, so we need to respect their LOOP_DONE state
  this->add_looping_components_by_state_(false);
 
  this->looping_components_active_end_ = this->looping_components_.size();
 
  // Then add any components that are already LOOP_DONE to the inactive section
  // This handles components that called disable_loop() during initialization
  this->add_looping_components_by_state_(true);
}
 
void Application::add_looping_components_by_state_(bool match_loop_done) {
  for (auto *obj : this->components_) {
    if (obj->has_overridden_loop() &&
        ((obj->get_component_state() & COMPONENT_STATE_MASK) == COMPONENT_STATE_LOOP_DONE) == match_loop_done) {
      this->looping_components_.push_back(obj);
    }
  }
}
 
void Application::disable_component_loop_(Component *component) {
  // This method must be reentrant - components can disable themselves during their own loop() call
  // Linear search to find component in active section
  // Most configs have 10-30 looping components (30 is on the high end)
  // O(n) is acceptable here as we optimize for memory, not complexity
  for (uint16_t i = 0; i < this->looping_components_active_end_; i++) {
    if (this->looping_components_[i] == component) {
      // Move last active component to this position
      this->looping_components_active_end_--;
      if (i != this->looping_components_active_end_) {
        std::swap(this->looping_components_[i], this->looping_components_[this->looping_components_active_end_]);
 
        // If we're currently iterating and just swapped the current position
        if (this->in_loop_ && i == this->current_loop_index_) {
          // Decrement so we'll process the swapped component next
          this->current_loop_index_--;
          // Update the loop start time to current time so the swapped component
          // gets correct timing instead of inheriting stale timing.
          // This prevents integer underflow in timing calculations by ensuring
          // the swapped component starts with a fresh timing reference, avoiding
          // errors caused by stale or wrapped timing values.
          this->loop_component_start_time_ = millis();
        }
      }
      return;
    }
  }
}
 
void Application::activate_looping_component_(uint16_t index) {
  // Helper to move component from inactive to active section
  if (index != this->looping_components_active_end_) {
    std::swap(this->looping_components_[index], this->looping_components_[this->looping_components_active_end_]);
  }
  this->looping_components_active_end_++;
}
 
void Application::enable_component_loop_(Component *component) {
  // This method is only called when component state is LOOP_DONE, so we know
  // the component must be in the inactive section (if it exists in looping_components_)
  // Only search the inactive portion for better performance
  // With typical 0-5 inactive components, O(k) is much faster than O(n)
  const uint16_t size = this->looping_components_.size();
  for (uint16_t i = this->looping_components_active_end_; i < size; i++) {
    if (this->looping_components_[i] == component) {
      // Found in inactive section - move to active
      this->activate_looping_component_(i);
      return;
    }
  }
  // Component not found in looping_components_ - this is normal for components
  // that don't have loop() or were not included in the partitioned vector
}
 
void Application::enable_pending_loops_() {
  // Process components that requested enable_loop from ISR context
  // Only iterate through inactive looping_components_ (typically 0-5) instead of all components
  //
  // Race condition handling:
  // 1. We check if component is already in LOOP state first - if so, just clear the flag
  //    This handles reentrancy where enable_loop() was called between ISR and processing
  // 2. We only clear pending_enable_loop_ after checking state, preventing lost requests
  // 3. If any components aren't in LOOP_DONE state, we set has_pending_enable_loop_requests_
  //    back to true to ensure we check again next iteration
  // 4. ISRs can safely set flags at any time - worst case is we process them next iteration
  // 5. The global flag (has_pending_enable_loop_requests_) is cleared before this method,
  //    so any ISR that fires during processing will be caught in the next loop
  const uint16_t size = this->looping_components_.size();
  bool has_pending = false;
 
  for (uint16_t i = this->looping_components_active_end_; i < size; i++) {
    Component *component = this->looping_components_[i];
    if (!component->pending_enable_loop_) {
      continue;  // Skip components without pending requests
    }
 
    // Check current state
    uint8_t state = component->component_state_ & COMPONENT_STATE_MASK;
 
    // If already in LOOP state, nothing to do - clear flag and continue
    if (state == COMPONENT_STATE_LOOP) {
      component->pending_enable_loop_ = false;
      continue;
    }
 
    // If not in LOOP_DONE state, can't enable yet - keep flag set
    if (state != COMPONENT_STATE_LOOP_DONE) {
      has_pending = true;  // Keep tracking this component
      continue;            // Keep the flag set - try again next iteration
    }
 
    // Clear the pending flag and enable the loop
    component->pending_enable_loop_ = false;
    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "%s loop enabled from ISR", LOG_STR_ARG(component->get_component_log_str()));
    component->set_component_state_(COMPONENT_STATE_LOOP);
 
    // Move to active section
    this->activate_looping_component_(i);
  }
 
  // If we couldn't process some requests, ensure we check again next iteration
  if (has_pending) {
    this->has_pending_enable_loop_requests_ = true;
  }
}
 
void Application::before_loop_tasks_(uint32_t loop_start_time) {
#if defined(USE_SOCKET_SELECT_SUPPORT) && defined(USE_WAKE_LOOP_THREADSAFE) && !defined(USE_LWIP_FAST_SELECT)
  // Drain wake notifications first to clear socket for next wake
  this->drain_wake_notifications_();
#endif
 
  // Process scheduled tasks
  this->scheduler.call(loop_start_time);
 
  // Feed the watchdog timer
  this->feed_wdt(loop_start_time);
 
  // Process any pending enable_loop requests from ISRs
  // This must be done before marking in_loop_ = true to avoid race conditions
  if (this->has_pending_enable_loop_requests_) {
    // Clear flag BEFORE processing to avoid race condition
    // If ISR sets it during processing, we'll catch it next loop iteration
    // This is safe because:
    // 1. Each component has its own pending_enable_loop_ flag that we check
    // 2. If we can't process a component (wrong state), enable_pending_loops_()
    //    will set this flag back to true
    // 3. Any new ISR requests during processing will set the flag again
    this->has_pending_enable_loop_requests_ = false;
    this->enable_pending_loops_();
  }
 
  // Mark that we're in the loop for safe reentrant modifications
  this->in_loop_ = true;
}
 
void Application::after_loop_tasks_() {
  // Clear the in_loop_ flag to indicate we're done processing components
  this->in_loop_ = false;
}
 
#ifdef USE_SOCKET_SELECT_SUPPORT
bool Application::register_socket_fd(int fd) {
  // WARNING: This function is NOT thread-safe and must only be called from the main loop
  // It modifies socket_fds_ and related variables without locking
  if (fd < 0)
    return false;
 
#ifndef USE_ESP32
  // Only check on non-ESP32 platforms
  // On ESP32 (both Arduino and ESP-IDF), CONFIG_LWIP_MAX_SOCKETS is always <= FD_SETSIZE by design
  // (LWIP_SOCKET_OFFSET = FD_SETSIZE - CONFIG_LWIP_MAX_SOCKETS per lwipopts.h)
  // Other platforms may not have this guarantee
  if (fd >= FD_SETSIZE) {
    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "fd %d exceeds FD_SETSIZE %d", fd, FD_SETSIZE);
    return false;
  }
#endif
 
  this->socket_fds_.push_back(fd);
#ifdef USE_LWIP_FAST_SELECT
  // Hook the socket's netconn callback for instant wake on receive events
  esphome_lwip_hook_socket(fd);
#else
  this->socket_fds_changed_ = true;
  if (fd > this->max_fd_) {
    this->max_fd_ = fd;
  }
#endif
 
  return true;
}
 
void Application::unregister_socket_fd(int fd) {
  // WARNING: This function is NOT thread-safe and must only be called from the main loop
  // It modifies socket_fds_ and related variables without locking
  if (fd < 0)
    return;
 
  for (size_t i = 0; i < this->socket_fds_.size(); i++) {
    if (this->socket_fds_[i] != fd)
      continue;
 
    // Swap with last element and pop - O(1) removal since order doesn't matter.
    // No need to unhook the netconn callback on fast select platforms — all LwIP
    // sockets share the same static event_callback, and the socket will be closed
    // by the caller.
    if (i < this->socket_fds_.size() - 1)
      this->socket_fds_[i] = this->socket_fds_.back();
    this->socket_fds_.pop_back();
#ifndef USE_LWIP_FAST_SELECT
    this->socket_fds_changed_ = true;
    // Only recalculate max_fd if we removed the current max
    if (fd == this->max_fd_) {
      this->max_fd_ = -1;
      for (int sock_fd : this->socket_fds_) {
        if (sock_fd > this->max_fd_)
          this->max_fd_ = sock_fd;
      }
    }
#endif
    return;
  }
}
 
#endif
 
void Application::yield_with_select_(uint32_t delay_ms) {
  // Delay while monitoring sockets. When delay_ms is 0, always yield() to ensure other tasks run.
#if defined(USE_SOCKET_SELECT_SUPPORT) && defined(USE_LWIP_FAST_SELECT)
  // Fast path (ESP32/LibreTiny): reads rcvevent directly via lwip_socket_dbg_get_socket().
  // Safe because this runs on the main loop which owns socket lifetime (create, read, close).
  if (delay_ms == 0) [[unlikely]] {
    yield();
    return;
  }
 
  // Check if any socket already has pending data before sleeping.
  // If a socket still has unread data (rcvevent > 0) but the task notification was already
  // consumed, ulTaskNotifyTake would block until timeout — adding up to delay_ms latency.
  // This scan preserves select() semantics: return immediately when any fd is ready.
  for (int fd : this->socket_fds_) {
    if (esphome_lwip_socket_has_data(fd)) {
      yield();
      return;
    }
  }
 
  // Sleep with instant wake via FreeRTOS task notification.
  // Woken by: callback wrapper (socket data arrives), wake_loop_threadsafe() (other tasks), or timeout.
  // Without USE_WAKE_LOOP_THREADSAFE, only hooked socket callbacks wake the task —
  // background tasks won't call wake, so this degrades to a pure timeout (same as old select path).
  ulTaskNotifyTake(pdTRUE, pdMS_TO_TICKS(delay_ms));
 
#elif defined(USE_SOCKET_SELECT_SUPPORT)
  // Fallback select() path (host platform and any future platforms without fast select).
  // ESP32 and LibreTiny are excluded by the #if above — they use the fast path.
  if (!this->socket_fds_.empty()) [[likely]] {
    // Update fd_set if socket list has changed
    if (this->socket_fds_changed_) [[unlikely]] {
      FD_ZERO(&this->base_read_fds_);
      // fd bounds are validated in register_socket_fd()
      for (int fd : this->socket_fds_) {
        FD_SET(fd, &this->base_read_fds_);
      }
      this->socket_fds_changed_ = false;
    }
 
    // Copy base fd_set before each select
    this->read_fds_ = this->base_read_fds_;
 
    // Convert delay_ms to timeval
    struct timeval tv;
    tv.tv_sec = delay_ms / 1000;
    tv.tv_usec = (delay_ms - tv.tv_sec * 1000) * 1000;
 
    // Call select with timeout
#ifdef USE_SOCKET_IMPL_LWIP_SOCKETS
    int ret = lwip_select(this->max_fd_ + 1, &this->read_fds_, nullptr, nullptr, &tv);
#else
    int ret = ::select(this->max_fd_ + 1, &this->read_fds_, nullptr, nullptr, &tv);
#endif
 
    // Process select() result:
    // ret < 0: error (except EINTR which is normal)
    // ret > 0: socket(s) have data ready - normal and expected
    // ret == 0: timeout occurred - normal and expected
    if (ret >= 0 || errno == EINTR) [[likely]] {
      // Yield if zero timeout since select(0) only polls without yielding
      if (delay_ms == 0) [[unlikely]] {
        yield();
      }
      return;
    }
    // select() error - log and fall through to delay()
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "select() failed with errno %d", errno);
  }
  // No sockets registered or select() failed - use regular delay
  delay(delay_ms);
#elif defined(USE_ESP8266) && defined(USE_SOCKET_IMPL_LWIP_TCP)
  // No select support but can wake on socket activity via esp_schedule()
  socket::socket_delay(delay_ms);
#else
  // No select support, use regular delay
  delay(delay_ms);
#endif
}
 
// App storage — asm label shares the linker symbol with "extern Application App".
// char[] is trivially destructible, so no __cxa_atexit or destructor chain is emitted.
// Constructed via placement new in the generated setup().
#ifndef __GXX_ABI_VERSION
#error "Application placement new requires Itanium C++ ABI (GCC/Clang)"
#endif
static_assert(std::is_default_constructible<Application>::value, "Application must be default-constructible");
// __USER_LABEL_PREFIX__ is "_" on Mach-O (macOS) and empty on ELF (embedded targets).
// String literal concatenation produces the correct platform-specific mangled symbol.
// Two-level macro needed: # stringifies before expansion, so the
// indirection forces __USER_LABEL_PREFIX__ to expand first.
#define ESPHOME_STRINGIFY_IMPL_(x) #x
#define ESPHOME_STRINGIFY_(x) ESPHOME_STRINGIFY_IMPL_(x)
// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
alignas(Application) char app_storage[sizeof(Application)] asm(
    ESPHOME_STRINGIFY_(__USER_LABEL_PREFIX__) "_ZN7esphome3AppE");
#undef ESPHOME_STRINGIFY_
#undef ESPHOME_STRINGIFY_IMPL_
 
#if defined(USE_SOCKET_SELECT_SUPPORT) && defined(USE_WAKE_LOOP_THREADSAFE)
 
#ifdef USE_LWIP_FAST_SELECT
void Application::wake_loop_threadsafe() {
  // Direct FreeRTOS task notification — <1 us, task context only (NOT ISR-safe)
  esphome_lwip_wake_main_loop();
}
#else   // !USE_LWIP_FAST_SELECT
 
void Application::setup_wake_loop_threadsafe_() {
  // Create UDP socket for wake notifications
  this->wake_socket_fd_ = lwip_socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
  if (this->wake_socket_fd_ < 0) {
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Wake socket create failed: %d", errno);
    return;
  }
 
  // Bind to loopback with auto-assigned port
  struct sockaddr_in addr = {};
  addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
  addr.sin_addr.s_addr = lwip_htonl(INADDR_LOOPBACK);
  addr.sin_port = 0;  // Auto-assign port
 
  if (lwip_bind(this->wake_socket_fd_, (struct sockaddr *) &addr, sizeof(addr)) < 0) {
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Wake socket bind failed: %d", errno);
    lwip_close(this->wake_socket_fd_);
    this->wake_socket_fd_ = -1;
    return;
  }
 
  // Get the assigned address and connect to it
  // Connecting a UDP socket allows using send() instead of sendto() for better performance
  struct sockaddr_in wake_addr;
  socklen_t len = sizeof(wake_addr);
  if (lwip_getsockname(this->wake_socket_fd_, (struct sockaddr *) &wake_addr, &len) < 0) {
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Wake socket address failed: %d", errno);
    lwip_close(this->wake_socket_fd_);
    this->wake_socket_fd_ = -1;
    return;
  }
 
  // Connect to self (loopback) - allows using send() instead of sendto()
  // After connect(), no need to store wake_addr - the socket remembers it
  if (lwip_connect(this->wake_socket_fd_, (struct sockaddr *) &wake_addr, sizeof(wake_addr)) < 0) {
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Wake socket connect failed: %d", errno);
    lwip_close(this->wake_socket_fd_);
    this->wake_socket_fd_ = -1;
    return;
  }
 
  // Set non-blocking mode
  int flags = lwip_fcntl(this->wake_socket_fd_, F_GETFL, 0);
  lwip_fcntl(this->wake_socket_fd_, F_SETFL, flags | O_NONBLOCK);
 
  // Register with application's select() loop
  if (!this->register_socket_fd(this->wake_socket_fd_)) {
    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Wake socket register failed");
    lwip_close(this->wake_socket_fd_);
    this->wake_socket_fd_ = -1;
    return;
  }
}
 
void Application::wake_loop_threadsafe() {
  // Called from FreeRTOS task context when events need immediate processing
  // Wakes up lwip_select() in main loop by writing to connected loopback socket
  if (this->wake_socket_fd_ >= 0) {
    const char dummy = 1;
    // Non-blocking send - if it fails (unlikely), select() will wake on timeout anyway
    // No error checking needed: we control both ends of this loopback socket.
    // This is safe to call from FreeRTOS tasks - send() is thread-safe in lwip
    // Socket is already connected to loopback address, so send() is faster than sendto()
    lwip_send(this->wake_socket_fd_, &dummy, 1, 0);
  }
}
#endif  // USE_LWIP_FAST_SELECT
 
#endif  // defined(USE_SOCKET_SELECT_SUPPORT) && defined(USE_WAKE_LOOP_THREADSAFE)
 
void Application::get_build_time_string(std::span<char, BUILD_TIME_STR_SIZE> buffer) {
  ESPHOME_strncpy_P(buffer.data(), ESPHOME_BUILD_TIME_STR, buffer.size());
  buffer[buffer.size() - 1] = '\0';
}
 
void Application::get_comment_string(std::span<char, ESPHOME_COMMENT_SIZE_MAX> buffer) {
  ESPHOME_strncpy_P(buffer.data(), ESPHOME_COMMENT_STR, ESPHOME_COMMENT_SIZE);
  buffer[ESPHOME_COMMENT_SIZE - 1] = '\0';
}
 
uint32_t Application::get_config_hash() { return ESPHOME_CONFIG_HASH; }
 
uint32_t Application::get_config_version_hash() { return fnv1a_hash_extend(ESPHOME_CONFIG_HASH, ESPHOME_VERSION); }
 
time_t Application::get_build_time() { return ESPHOME_BUILD_TIME; }
 
}  // namespace esphome